KU : MAMAT SASMITA
Thomas
Stamford Raffles dina bukuna The History of Java (tarjamah) nyebutkeun, euweuh
deui hasil industri nu kawilang alus keur ngagambarkeun kamajuan hiji bangsa
salian ti bisa ngokolakeun logam. Lamun teu wanoh jeung teu bisa ngokolakeun
beusi bakal hese ngamangpaatkeun sumber daya alam sabudeureunana. Cek Raffles
keneh penduduk nu aya di pulo Jawa, geus bisa ngamangpaatkeun beusi keur
kaperluan nyieun rupa-rupa parabot keur tani, keur nyieun pakarang jeung keur
nyieun rupa-rupa pakakas sejen.
Periodisasi
dina prasajarah manusa, aya nu disebut jaman parunggu jeung jaman beusi, cek
H.R.van Heekeren mah antara jaman parunggu jeung jaman beusi di Nusantara mah
meh sajaman, kamampuh ngolah logam di Nusantara meh aya di unggal tempat kaasup
di Tatar Sunda.
Bukti
arkeologis diantarana kapanggih di Cibadak, Bogor, Bandung jeung ditempat
sejenna.
Di
Karangkamulyan Ciamis kapanggih logam mangrupa kawat tambaga (Sudarti Prijono,
makalah). Di daerah Batujaya nu deukeut ka kompleks candi Batujaya kapanggih sababaraha
rupa logam diantarana tambaga jeung
beusi (Agustijanto Indradjaja, makalah).
Cek Henry
Hodges (dina makalah Sudarti Prijono) nyebutkeun ngolah logam sahenteuna aya lima tahap,
sangkan jadi logam nu kawilang alus nyaeta ngala siki beusi, mekprekan babatuan
nu ngandung siki beusi (logam) nepi ka jdi laleutik terus diberesihan tina
kokotor, ngalebur siki beusi nepi ka misah antara hampas (slag) jeung beusina,
hasil ngalebur siki beusi dicitak luyu jeung citakan nu dipikahayang,
panungtungna memeres hasil citakan (finishing).
Salian ti
hasil panalungtikan para arkeolog nu kapanggih dina wangun artefak beusi,
kaweruh ngolah beusi ge kapanggih dina carita pantun nyaeta dina carita
Sulanjana atawa Sri Sadana, dicaritakeun tina makam Jaka Sela jeung Jaka Pamor
kaluar siki beusi, nu saterusna urang Pajajaran bisa nyeiun paparabotan keur
tatanen. Kitu deui tina legenda Ciung Wanara, dicaritakeun Ciung Wanara bisa
nyieun panjara tina beusi.
Dina buku
The History of Java, disebutkeun aya dalapan ratus ahli panday di Pajajaran,
dina mangsa Pajajaran runtuh eta panday nu dalapan ratus teh sumebar ka
sakuliah pulo Jawa. Dalapan ratus panday
teh kawentar ku sesebutan panday domas. Harti domas dina kamus Sunda-Inggris
Jonathan Rigg mah nyeata dua mas, sedengkeun harti mas teh opat ratus jadi
domas boga harti dua kali opat ratus.
Nu ahli
ngolah logam hususna ngolah beusi disebut panday. Kecap panday kapanggih dina naskah Sunda kuna
Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian (1518) jeung Sanghyang Sasana Maha Guru nu
dianggap sajaman jeung naskah Sunda kuna Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian. Kecap
panday masih keneh aya nepi ka kiwari, dilarapkeun ka nu sok ngolah beusi jadi
paparabotan atawa jadi pakarang. Pandayna (jalmana nu ngolah beusi) nepi ka
kiwari ge kawilang loba keneh, upamana di daerah Ciwidey, di Galonggong
Tasikmalaya, di Sumedang, di Subang, di Sukabumi, di Banten jeung di lain
tempat sejenna. Carana ngolah beusi tangtu teu mencog jauh jeung nu didadarkeun
ku Henry Hodges diluhur.
Ngan panday
bihari jeung panday kiwari aya bedana, ari pandaya bihari mah bahan utamana
tina siki beusi meunang ngala sorangan, sedengkeun panday kiwari mah migawena nyieun
parabot atawa pakarang teh tina beusi nu geus jadi, upamana tina beusi per
mobil. Tangtu we pagaweanana leuwih hese panday bihari sabab kudu nglebur heula
siki beusi nepi ka jadi beusi kakara dijieun parabot atawa pakarang.
Sangkan
wilah pakarang kacirina alus sok make pamor, di Galonggong disebutna balik
mipih, di Sukabumi disebut hajaran, ari di Banten mah disebut sulangkar.
Sabenerna pamor dina waktu neupa dicampur ku logam sejen jeung carana neupa sok
dilipet-lipet aya kana puluhna balikan, nepi ka hasilan dina wilah teh siga aya
udat-udatan nu ngahiji jeung beusina. Di dunya internasional mah disebutna
Damask Steel.
Rupa-rupa
parabot jeung pakarang hasil neupa disebut dina naskah Sunda kuna Sanghyang
Siksakandang Karesian nyaeta : pedang, abet, pamuk, golok, peso teundeut, keris
dipakena ku raja. Kujang, baliung,
patik, kored, peso sadap dipake ku tukang tatanen. Kala katri, peso raut, peso
dongdang, pangot, pakisi dipakena ku resi.
Ngaran pakakas panday.
Gosali, tempat digawena panday.
Piruruhan, tempat ngahurungkeun seuneu
keur meuleum beusi, rajeun disebut parapen. Aya nu nyebut harti piruruhan teh
tempat keur ngadudurk runtah.
Kowi, wadah keur ngalebur beusi.
Ububan, paranti niup parapen sangkan
seuneuna tetep hurung. Ububan biasana dijieun tina tangkal jambe nu dikorowek
dipiceun jeroanana, panjangna kira-kira satangtung, dijieun siga kopa, hawana
keur nyebrot kana parapen. Aya deui nu make lambusan, nyaeta kantong hawa
dijieun tina kulit domba, hawana disebrotkeun kana parapen, sangkan seuneuna
tetep hurung. Lambusan tukang patri mah dijieun siga kipas angin, diputerkeun ku
leungeun, siga kincir.
Paron, sisinggel tina waja, pikeun
dadasar panday neupa beusi.
Capit,
keur nyapit beusi panas ambeh babari dibulak-balik.
Palu, aya palu gede jeung palu leutik,
gunana keur neupa beusi panas.
Cangkorah, tempat cai nu rada gede keur
nyipuh beusi.
Kaayeunakeun
parabot panday ditambahan ku kikir jeung gurinda.
Ngaran kaahlian ngolah logam
Gending, tukang nyieun parabot tina
kuningan, hususna parabot keur tatabeuhan (gamelan).
Kamasan, tukang nyieun perhiasan tina
emas atawa perak.
Maranggi, tukang ngawatangan jeung
nyarangkaan keris atawa bedog.
Paledang, tukang nyieun parabot dapur
tina kaleng, tambaga atawa kuningan.
Panday, tukang nyeiun parabot tina
beusi atawa waja.
Kecap nu aya kaitanana jeung logam.
Waja,
purasani (beusi magnet), malela, beusi, wesi, cundiga,salaka (perak), tambaga sukla
Ngaran tempat
Gunung
Papandayan, Kandang Wesi Garut, Cibeusi jalan cagak Subang, Cibeusi Jatinangor
Sumedang, Cikeris Purwakarta, Cikujang Subang, Cigosali wanayasa Purwakarta,
Cipanday Subang, Cigobang Waled Cirebon, Pasir Cigobang Karawang, Cangkorah Padalarang, Cipeso Cijulang.
Sumber
Bacaan :
-
Indonesian Heritage, Ancient History, Grolier,
1996.
-
Carita Pantun Sri Sadana atau Sulanjana, Ajip
Rosidi, 1970
-
Kamus Sunda RA.Danadibrata, Kiblat, 2006
-
Kamus Sunda LBSS, Geger Sunten, 2007
-
The History of Java, Thomas Stamford Raffles,
tarjamah, Narasi 2008
-
Agustijanto Indradjaja, makalah, Pemukiman Kuno
di pantai Utara Jawa Barat/ Tinjauan Terhadap Hasil penelitian Arkeologi di
Situs Batujaya dan sekitarnya, Balar Bandung, 2010.
-
Sudarti Prijono, makalah, Analisis Artefak Logam
dari Situs Karangkamulyan Ciamis Jabar,IAAG Jabar, 1998.
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