28 February 2013

NGOLAH BEUSI



KU : MAMAT SASMITA
 
Beusi teh sabangsaning logam nu teuas, bahan keur nyieun rupa-rupa parabot jeung bahan keur nyieun wawangunan nu tohaga. Bahan keur beusi dihasilkeun ku alam pacampur jeung taneuh, sok disebut siki beusi, sanggeus diolah kakara jadi beusi.
Thomas Stamford Raffles dina bukuna The History of Java (tarjamah) nyebutkeun, euweuh deui hasil industri nu kawilang alus keur ngagambarkeun kamajuan hiji bangsa salian ti bisa ngokolakeun logam. Lamun teu wanoh jeung teu bisa ngokolakeun beusi bakal hese ngamangpaatkeun sumber daya alam sabudeureunana. Cek Raffles keneh penduduk nu aya di pulo Jawa, geus bisa ngamangpaatkeun beusi keur kaperluan nyieun rupa-rupa parabot keur tani, keur nyieun pakarang jeung keur nyieun rupa-rupa pakakas sejen.
Periodisasi dina prasajarah manusa, aya nu disebut jaman parunggu jeung jaman beusi, cek H.R.van Heekeren mah antara jaman parunggu jeung jaman beusi di Nusantara mah meh sajaman, kamampuh ngolah logam di Nusantara meh aya di unggal tempat kaasup di Tatar Sunda. 
Bukti arkeologis diantarana kapanggih di Cibadak, Bogor, Bandung jeung ditempat sejenna.
Di Karangkamulyan Ciamis kapanggih logam mangrupa kawat tambaga (Sudarti Prijono, makalah). Di daerah Batujaya nu deukeut ka kompleks candi Batujaya kapanggih sababaraha rupa logam diantarana tambaga jeung  beusi (Agustijanto Indradjaja, makalah).
Cek Henry Hodges (dina makalah Sudarti Prijono) nyebutkeun  ngolah logam sahenteuna aya lima tahap, sangkan jadi logam nu kawilang alus nyaeta ngala siki beusi, mekprekan babatuan nu ngandung siki beusi (logam) nepi ka jdi laleutik terus diberesihan tina kokotor, ngalebur siki beusi nepi ka misah antara hampas (slag) jeung beusina, hasil ngalebur siki beusi dicitak luyu jeung citakan nu dipikahayang, panungtungna memeres hasil citakan (finishing).

Salian ti hasil panalungtikan para arkeolog nu kapanggih dina wangun artefak beusi, kaweruh ngolah beusi ge kapanggih dina carita pantun nyaeta dina carita Sulanjana atawa Sri Sadana, dicaritakeun tina makam Jaka Sela jeung Jaka Pamor kaluar siki beusi, nu saterusna urang Pajajaran bisa nyeiun paparabotan keur tatanen. Kitu deui tina legenda Ciung Wanara, dicaritakeun Ciung Wanara bisa nyieun panjara tina beusi.
Dina buku The History of Java, disebutkeun aya dalapan ratus ahli panday di Pajajaran, dina mangsa Pajajaran runtuh eta panday nu dalapan ratus teh sumebar ka sakuliah pulo Jawa.  Dalapan ratus panday teh kawentar ku sesebutan panday domas. Harti domas dina kamus Sunda-Inggris Jonathan Rigg mah nyeata dua mas, sedengkeun harti mas teh opat ratus jadi domas boga harti dua kali opat ratus.
Nu ahli ngolah logam hususna ngolah beusi disebut panday.  Kecap panday kapanggih dina naskah Sunda kuna Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian (1518) jeung Sanghyang Sasana Maha Guru nu dianggap sajaman jeung naskah Sunda kuna Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian. Kecap panday masih keneh aya nepi ka kiwari, dilarapkeun ka nu sok ngolah beusi jadi paparabotan atawa jadi pakarang. Pandayna (jalmana nu ngolah beusi) nepi ka kiwari ge kawilang loba keneh, upamana di daerah Ciwidey, di Galonggong Tasikmalaya, di Sumedang, di Subang, di Sukabumi, di Banten jeung di lain tempat sejenna. Carana ngolah beusi tangtu teu mencog jauh jeung nu didadarkeun ku Henry Hodges diluhur.
Ngan panday bihari jeung panday kiwari aya bedana, ari pandaya bihari mah bahan utamana tina siki beusi meunang ngala sorangan, sedengkeun panday kiwari mah migawena nyieun parabot atawa pakarang teh tina beusi nu geus jadi, upamana tina beusi per mobil. Tangtu we pagaweanana leuwih hese panday bihari sabab kudu nglebur heula siki beusi nepi ka jadi beusi kakara dijieun parabot atawa pakarang.
Sangkan wilah pakarang kacirina alus sok make pamor, di Galonggong disebutna balik mipih, di Sukabumi disebut hajaran, ari di Banten mah disebut sulangkar. Sabenerna pamor dina waktu neupa dicampur ku logam sejen jeung carana neupa sok dilipet-lipet aya kana puluhna balikan, nepi ka hasilan dina wilah teh siga aya udat-udatan nu ngahiji jeung beusina. Di dunya internasional mah disebutna Damask Steel.
Rupa-rupa parabot jeung pakarang hasil neupa disebut dina naskah Sunda kuna Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian nyaeta : pedang, abet, pamuk, golok, peso teundeut, keris dipakena ku raja.  Kujang, baliung, patik, kored, peso sadap dipake ku tukang tatanen. Kala katri, peso raut, peso dongdang, pangot, pakisi dipakena ku resi.


Ngaran pakakas panday.

Gosali, tempat digawena panday.

Piruruhan, tempat ngahurungkeun seuneu keur meuleum beusi, rajeun disebut parapen. Aya nu nyebut harti piruruhan teh tempat keur ngadudurk runtah.

Kowi, wadah keur ngalebur beusi.

Ububan, paranti niup parapen sangkan seuneuna tetep hurung. Ububan biasana dijieun tina tangkal jambe nu dikorowek dipiceun jeroanana, panjangna kira-kira satangtung, dijieun siga kopa, hawana keur nyebrot kana parapen. Aya deui nu make lambusan, nyaeta kantong hawa dijieun tina kulit domba, hawana disebrotkeun kana parapen, sangkan seuneuna tetep hurung. Lambusan tukang patri mah dijieun siga kipas angin, diputerkeun ku leungeun, siga kincir.

Paron, sisinggel tina waja, pikeun dadasar panday neupa beusi.

 Capit, keur nyapit beusi panas ambeh babari dibulak-balik.

Palu, aya palu gede jeung palu leutik, gunana keur neupa beusi panas.

Cangkorah, tempat cai nu rada gede keur nyipuh beusi.

Kaayeunakeun parabot panday ditambahan ku kikir jeung gurinda.

Ngaran kaahlian ngolah logam

Gending, tukang nyieun parabot tina kuningan, hususna parabot keur tatabeuhan (gamelan).
Kamasan, tukang nyieun perhiasan tina emas atawa perak.
Maranggi, tukang ngawatangan jeung nyarangkaan keris atawa bedog.
Paledang, tukang nyieun parabot dapur tina kaleng, tambaga atawa kuningan.
Panday, tukang nyeiun parabot tina beusi atawa waja.

Kecap nu aya kaitanana jeung logam.
Waja, purasani (beusi magnet), malela, beusi, wesi,  cundiga,salaka (perak), tambaga sukla

Ngaran tempat

Gunung Papandayan, Kandang Wesi Garut, Cibeusi jalan cagak Subang, Cibeusi Jatinangor Sumedang, Cikeris Purwakarta, Cikujang Subang, Cigosali wanayasa Purwakarta, Cipanday Subang, Cigobang Waled Cirebon, Pasir Cigobang Karawang,  Cangkorah Padalarang, Cipeso Cijulang.



Sumber Bacaan :
-          Indonesian Heritage, Ancient History, Grolier, 1996.
-          Carita Pantun Sri Sadana atau Sulanjana, Ajip Rosidi, 1970
-          Kamus Sunda RA.Danadibrata, Kiblat, 2006
-          Kamus Sunda LBSS, Geger Sunten, 2007
-          The History of Java, Thomas Stamford Raffles, tarjamah,  Narasi 2008
-          Agustijanto Indradjaja, makalah, Pemukiman Kuno di pantai Utara Jawa Barat/ Tinjauan Terhadap Hasil penelitian Arkeologi di Situs Batujaya dan sekitarnya, Balar Bandung, 2010.
-          Sudarti Prijono, makalah, Analisis Artefak Logam dari Situs Karangkamulyan Ciamis Jabar,IAAG Jabar, 1998.

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